<item><hi format=bold>International disputes:</hi> southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden
<item><hi format=bold>Climate:</hi> desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
<item><hi format=bold>Terrain:</hi> mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north
<item><hi format=bold>Natural resources:</hi> uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt
<item><hi format=bold>Land use:</hi>
<list style=hang>
<item>• <hi format=ital>arable land:</hi> 2%
<item>• <hi format=ital>permanent crops:</hi> 0%
<item>• <hi format=ital>meadows and pastures:</hi> 46%
<item>• <hi format=ital>forest and woodland:</hi> 14%
<item>• <hi format=ital>other:</hi> 38%
</list>
<item><hi format=bold>Irrigated land:</hi> 1,600 sq km (1989 est.)
<item><hi format=bold>Environment:</hi>
<list style=hang>
<item>• <hi format=ital>current issues:</hi> use of contaminated water contributes to health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
<item>• <hi format=ital>natural hazards:</hi> recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer
<item>• <hi format=ital>international agreements:</hi> party to—Endangered Species, Law of the Sea; signed, but not ratified—Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban
</list>
<item><hi format=bold>Note:</hi> strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal